Chapter 7: How Do Organisms Reproduce?
Chapter learning goals: Understand the core concepts, explain key processes, interpret diagrams and apply the ideas to board-style questions.
Read each concept, mark definitions and formulae, practise the worked examples, then attempt the revision questions without looking at the answers.
1. Purpose and continuity
Reproduction produces new individuals and maintains a species across generations. It is not essential for an individual organism’s survival but is essential for continuation of a species. DNA copying transfers body-design information; small copying variations create diversity.
2. Asexual reproduction
One parent produces offspring without fusion of gametes. Binary fission: one cell divides into two (Amoeba); multiple fission: many offspring form (Plasmodium); budding: a bud grows and separates (Hydra, yeast); fragmentation: body pieces grow into individuals (Spirogyra); regeneration: specialised cells reorganise body parts (Planaria); spore formation: resistant spores germinate in favourable conditions (Rhizopus). Vegetative propagation uses roots, stems or leaves and can rapidly multiply plants.
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