CBSE Class 12 Biology – Biotechnology and its Applications
NCERT-aligned chapter resource | Biology Code 044
1. Human Insulin
Recombinant DNA technology enabled production of human insulin using genetically engineered microorganisms. The approach avoids dependence on extracting insulin directly from animal pancreas.
2. Gene Therapy
Gene therapy aims to treat disease by introducing, modifying or otherwise addressing genetic material. The chapter’s example of ADA deficiency illustrates the concept.
3. Molecular Diagnosis
PCR and related molecular techniques can detect pathogens or genetic changes before symptoms become pronounced. Early detection can improve management of certain diseases.
4. Transgenic Animals
Transgenic animals carry introduced genetic material and can be used in research, production of useful biological substances and study of disease processes.
5. Biopharming
Animals or other biological systems can be engineered to produce useful pharmaceutical products. This application combines molecular genetics with large-scale biological production.
6. Genetically Modified Crops
GM crops may be developed for traits such as pest resistance, improved nutritional value or stress tolerance. Bt cotton is a prescribed example involving a gene from Bacillus thuringiensis.
7. Biosafety and Ethics
Biotechnology raises questions concerning environmental release, food safety, intellectual property, access and ethical use. Scientific benefits must be considered alongside risk assessment and regulation.
Application Map
Chapter-Specific MCQs
- Recombinant insulin is an example of: (A) biotechnology application (B) photosynthesis (C) osmosis (D) transpiration. Answer: A.
- Bt cotton provides resistance mainly against: (A) certain insect pests (B) all viruses (C) all bacteria (D) drought only. Answer: A.
- Gene therapy is intended to address: (A) genetic causes or mechanisms of disease (B) only fractures (C) only nutrition (D) only digestion. Answer: A.
Competency Questions
- Explain how recombinant insulin production illustrates the application of genetic engineering.
- Why should molecular diagnosis be used with appropriate clinical interpretation?
- Discuss one benefit and one biosafety concern associated with a GM crop.