Human Memory
Memory Processes
Memory involves encoding, storage and retrieval. Encoding transforms information into a form that can be processed; storage maintains information; retrieval brings stored information into conscious use.
Memory Systems
Sensory memory briefly holds incoming sensory information. Short-term or working memory handles limited information for immediate processing. Long-term memory stores information for much longer periods.
Forgetting
Forgetting can occur because information was not adequately encoded, because retrieval cues are weak, because memories interfere with one another or because of other factors affecting access to stored information.
Improving Memory
Meaningful organisation, elaboration, rehearsal, chunking, mnemonics, retrieval practice and spaced study can improve learning and recall.
Explained MCQs
- Which sequence best represents basic memory processes?
Answer: Encoding → storage → retrieval.
Explanation: Information must first be processed into a usable form, retained and then accessed when needed. - Why can a student know an answer but fail to recall it in an examination?
Answer: Retrieval may be disrupted by weak cues, interference, stress or other factors.
Explanation: Failure to recall does not necessarily mean the information was never stored.
Application
Create a study plan for a student preparing ten definitions. Use chunking, spaced practice and retrieval practice and explain why each technique may help.